Report from the World Health Organization's immunization and vaccines related implementation research advisory committee (IVIR-AC) meeting, Geneva, 11-13 September 2023.

Evaluating vaccine-related research is critical to maximize the potential of vaccination programmes. The WHO Immunization and Vaccine-related Implementation Research Advisory Committee (IVIR-AC) provides an independent review of research that estimates the performance, impact and value of vaccines, with a particular focus on transmission and economic modelling. On 11-13 September 2023, IVIR-AC was convened for a bi-annual meeting where the committee reviewed research and presentations across eight different sessions. This report summarizes the background information, proceedings and recommendations from that meeting. Sessions ranged in topic from timing of measles supplementary immunization activities, analyses of conditions necessary to meet measles elimination in the South-East Asia region, translating modelled evidence into policy, a risk-benefit analysis of dengue vaccine, COVID-19 scenario modelling in the African region, therapeutic vaccination against human papilloma virus, the Vaccine Impact Modelling Consortium, and the Immunization Agenda 2030 vaccine impact estimates.

Descriptions of two new Idiocerini leafhoppers of the genus Idioscopus (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae) from China.

Two new species of the leafhopper genus Idioscopus Baker are described from China: Idioscopusbihamulus sp. nov. and I.ventrispinus sp. nov., the latter recorded on a species of Myrica L. (Myricaceae) as its host plant. A key and checklist to species of the genus from China are provided and Idioscopustaiwanus Huang & Maldonado-Capriles, 1992 is placed as a junior synonym of Idioscopusclypealis (Lethierry, 1889), syn. nov.

Comparison of mitogenomes of three Petalocephala species (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Ledrinae) and their phylogenetic analysis.

Ledrinae is a unique group of leafhoppers with a distinct appearance. Petalocephala is the largest Ledrinae genus that is difficult to identify except by dissecting the male genitals. To date, research on Ledrinae is relatively less compared with other leafhoppers. Therefore, to better understand this group, we sequenced and analyzed three complete Petalocephala mitochondrial genomes. We comparatively analyzed these general Petalocephala genomic features (including size, AT content, AT/GC skew, 13 protein-coding gene nucleotide compositions, etc.), and predicted 22 transfer RNA secondary structures. We obtained highly consistent phylogenetic results within Cicadellidae based on mitogenomic data using the maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. Our results showed that all subfamilies were monophyletic and had a high node support rate, and there was a sister group relationship between Ledrinae and all other leafhopper groups. Furthermore, treehoppers were found to originate from leafhoppers and showed sister group relationships with Megophthalminae. Within Ledrinae, all phylogenetic trees supporting phylogenetic relationships were as follows: ([P. dicondylica + P. gongshanensis] + [Tituria pyramidata + [Ledra auditura + P. gongshanensis]]) Based on the complete mitogenome phylogenetic analysis and the comparison of morphological characteristics, we propose that Petalocephala is not monophyletic.

Description of three new species of the leafhopper genus Idioscopus Baker, (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Eurymelinae) from Yunnan, China.

Three new species of the leafhopper genus Idioscopus Baker, 1915 from China: I. furcaprocessus sp. nov., I. longiprocessus sp. nov., and I. serratastylus sp. nov. are described and photographed based on specimens collected in Yunnan Province of southern China. These three new species can be recognised mainly by the coloration and male genitalia.

Isolation and Purification of a New Bacillus Subtilis Strain from Deer Dung with Anti-microbial and Anti-cancer Activities.

OBJECTIVE: Bacillus strains are well known for their natural bioactive products that have antimicrobial and/or anti-cancer activities. Many of Bacillus' structurally unique metabolites can combat human diseases, including cancers. However, because Bacillus' metabolites are so abundant, few have been studied extensively enough to fully characterize their chemical constitutions and biological functions. METHODS: In this study, we focused on the isolation and purification of a new Bacillus strain, and determined the effects of its metabolites on bacteria and cancer cells. Our study focused on a new strain of Bacillus isolated from deer dung. Based on BLAST results, this isolate belongs to Bacillus subtilis, and therefore we named the strain Bacillus subtilis NC16. Congo red assay was used to test the cellulase activity. The inhibition zone was measured to test the antimicrobial activity. CCK-8, wound healing and flow cytometry were used to test the anti-cancer activity. RESULTS: Metabolites from Bacillus subtilis NC16 have both antimicrobial and anti-cancer activities. They can both suppress the growth of Trichoderma vride and Staphylococcus aureus, and inhibit the proliferation and promote the apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that Bacillus subtilis NC16 can not only degrade cellulose, but its metabolites may be sources of antibiotics and anti-cancer drugs.

Two new species of the leafhopper genus Calodia Nielson (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Coelidiinae) from China, with a checklist and key to Chinese species.

Two new species of the leafhopper genus Calodia Nielson are described and illustrated: C. quadrimacula sp. nov. from Guizhou and Yunnan Provinces and C. zuoae sp. nov. from Yunnan Province, China. A checklist along with distribution and a key to species based on male genitalia of the genus Calodia from China are provided. Olidiana nigritibiana (Li), comb. nov. (earlier in the genus Calodia) is proposed. At present, this genus comprises 45 known species worldwide, of which 19 species are recorded from China.

A new genus and new species of the leafhopper tribe Idiocerini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Eurymelinae).

A new genus of the leafhopper tribe Idiocerini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Eurymelinae) Longiaedeagus gen. nov. with type species Longiaedeagus flavofasciatus sp. nov. from China is described and illustrated. This new genus can be distinguished from other leafhopper genera by the broad style with truncate apex, and aedeagus with a long, unpaired retrorse preapical process.

Three new species of the leafhopper genus Thagria Melichar (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Coelidiinae) from China.

Three new species of the leafhopper genus Thagria from China, T. trifurcata sp. nov., T. denticosta sp. nov. and T. fimbriata sp. nov., are described, illustrated and photographed. In addition, T. lateralis Fan Li, 2017 is placed as a new synonym of T. menglana Wang Zhang, 2017.

Complete mitogenome of Olidiana ritcheriina (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) and phylogeny of Cicadellidae.

BACKGROUND: Coelidiinae, a relatively large subfamily within the family Cicadellidae, includes 129 genera and ∼1,300 species distributed worldwide. However, the mitogenomes of only two species (Olidiana sp. and Taharana fasciana) in the subfamily Coelidiinae have been assembled. Here, we report the first complete mitogenome assembly of the genus Olidiana. METHODS: Specimens were collected from Wenxian County (Gansu Province, China) and identified on the basis of their morphology. Mitogenomes were sequenced by next-generation sequencing, following which an NGS template was generated, and this was confirmed using polymerase chain reaction and Sanger sequencing. Phylogenic trees were constructed using maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses. RESULTS: The mitogenome of O. ritcheriina was 15,166 bp long, with an A + T content of 78.0%. Compared with the mitogenome of other Cicadellidae sp., the gene order, gene content, gene size, base composition, and codon usage of protein-coding genes (PCGs) in O. ritcheriina were highly conserved. The standard start codon of all PCGs was ATN and stop codon was TAA or TAG; COII, COIII, and ND4L ended with a single T. All tRNA genes showed the typical cloverleaf secondary structure, except for trnSer, which did not have the dihydrouridine arm. Furthermore, the secondary structures of rRNAs (rrnL and rrnS) in O. ritcheriina were predicted. Overall, five domains and 42 helices were predicted for rrnL (domain III is absent in arthropods), and three structural domains and 27 helices were predicted for rrnS. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses indicated that O. ritcheriina and other Coelidiinae members were clustered into a clade, indicating the relationships among their subfamilies; the main topology was as follows: (Deltocephalinae + ((Coelidiinae + Iassinae) + ((Typhlocybinae + Cicadellinae) + (Idiocerinae + (Treehopper + Megophthalminae))))). The phylogenetic relationships indicated that the molecular taxonomy of O. ritcheriina is consistent with the current morphological classification.

Key to genera of Chinese Coelidiinae leafhoppers, with description a new species of the leafhopper genus Baseprocessa (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae).

The genus Baseprocessa Fan & Li, 2017 is reviewed and a new species B. longiprocessa sp. nov. from Tibet is described and illustrated. An updated checklist and distributions of the species of this genus are provided and a key to Chinese Coelidiinae genera is included.

Three new species of the leafhopper subfamily Iassinae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) from China.

Three new species of leafhoppers: Siniassus hamulus sp. nov., Decliviassus sagittatus sp. nov., Krisna quadrimaculosus sp. nov. are described and illustrated from China. An updated checklist and key to 22 of the 24 known Chinese species of these three genera (Siniassus, Decliviassus, Krisna) are provided.

Characterization and phylogenetic implications of the complete mitochondrial genome of Idiocerinae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae).

In this study, we determined and analyzed the complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of four species of Idiocerinae (Liocratus salicis, Idioscopus myrica, Populicerus populi and Parocerus laurifoliae) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). The Idiocerinae mitogenomes ranged in size from 15,287 (Idioscopus nitidulus) to 16,811 bp (Parocerus laurifoliae). The mitogenomes were highly conserved regarding gene content, gene size, gene order, base composition, codon usage of protein-coding genes, and secondary RNA structures, which were similar to those of other leafhoppers. Most protein-coding genes began with ATN and ended with either TAA or TAG. The secondary structure of the 16S RNA contained six domains with 42 helices, and the 12S RNA comprised three domains with 24 helices. Additionally, a multicopy of tRNA-Ile (AAT) (76 bp) was observed in Liocratus salicis, located between the control region and tRNA-I-tRNA-Q-tRNA-M. Phylogenetic analyses showed that each subfamily was recovered as monophyletic within Cicadellidae, and Deltocephalinae species constituted one clade and tended to be placed at the basal position of the tree as the sister group to the other leafhopper subfamilies. The Megophthalminae, Idiocerinae, and the treehoppers always formed a clade with high support values.

[Antibody detection of hepatitis E virus in human population of different national in China].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the seroprevalence of HEV infection in different national human population in Han, Hui and Zang in China. METHODS: EIA was used for detecting anti-HEV IgG of the serum samples. All samples were collected in 2006-2008 in Sichuan, Beijing, Heilongjianin, Sandong, Gansuo, Ningxia and Qinghai areas. RESULTS: The total positive rate of anti-HEV IgG was 17.97% (1878/ 10448), 24.32% (1794/7376) in Han national, 3.59% (81/2258) of Hui national and 0.37% (3/814) of Zang national, respectively. The positive rate of Han human at different age group, was 5.19% of < or = 10 year, 11.64% of 11-20 year, 20.08% of 21-30 year, 34.17% of 31-40 year, 41.75% of 41-50 year, 48.58% of 51-60 year, 57.43% of > or = 61 year. The positive rate of Hui human at different age group, was 3.11%, 3.96%, 2.11%, 3.98, 2.52%, 4.57% and 6.67%, respectively. Three positive of Zang human was between 21-60 year. CONCLUSIONS: The HEV infection in Han national population was higher than the Hui and Zang national, significantly. The HEV infection was correlation with age significantly, the infection rate was increased with age.